→ Module 2 Modern Stock Market Lingo Glossary

Modern Stock Market Lingo — 500-Term Glossary

Search History

Search Results

From the most essential concepts to advanced, modern market slang.

How to use this glossary:

Table of Contents

No results found.

A. Core Market Basics (1–20)

  1. Stock – A unit of ownership in a company.
  2. Share – A single piece of stock representing company ownership.
  3. Equity – Ownership interest in a company.
  4. Ticker Symbol – The abbreviation for a traded security (e.g., AAPL).
  5. Exchange – A regulated marketplace where stocks are traded.
  6. Market – The overall system of buyers and sellers of securities.
  7. Broker – A licensed entity that executes buy/sell orders for clients.
  8. Trader – A person who buys and sells securities, often short-term.
  9. Investor – Someone holding securities for long-term growth or income.
  10. Market Maker – A firm or individual providing liquidity by quoting buy/sell prices.
  11. Bid – The highest price a buyer is willing to pay.
  12. Ask (Offer) – The lowest price a seller is willing to accept.
  13. Spread – The difference between bid and ask prices.
  14. Liquidity – How easily an asset can be bought/sold without affecting its price.
  15. Volume – The number of shares traded during a period.
  16. Volatility – The degree of price fluctuations of a security.
  17. Bull Market – A market characterized by rising prices.
  18. Bear Market – A market characterized by falling prices.
  19. Correction – A price drop of 10% or more from recent highs.
  20. Crash – A sudden and severe market decline.

B. Orders & Trading Mechanics (21–50)

  1. Market Order – Buy or sell immediately at current market prices.
  2. Limit Order – An order to trade at a specific price or better.
  3. Stop Order – Becomes a market order when a set price is reached.
  4. Stop-Limit Order – Becomes a limit order once the stop price is triggered.
  5. Day Order – An order valid only during the trading day.
  6. Good-Till-Cancelled (GTC) – Order remains active until canceled.
  7. Fill or Kill (FOK) – Must be filled immediately or canceled.
  8. Immediate or Cancel (IOC) – Partially filled orders are allowed; unfilled parts are canceled.
  9. All-or-None (AON) – Order executes only if completely filled.
  10. Partial Fill – When only part of an order is executed.
  11. Slippage – Difference between expected and actual trade execution price.
  12. Execution – Completion of an order.
  13. Settlement – Transfer of securities and cash after a trade (T+1 in US).
  14. Clearing – The process of matching and confirming trades between parties.
  15. Margin – Borrowed money used to buy securities.
  16. Margin Call – Demand by broker to deposit more funds or sell assets.
  17. Leverage – Using borrowed capital to increase investment exposure.
  18. Position – The quantity of a security held or owed.
  19. Long Position – Buying with the expectation of price increases.
  20. Short Position – Selling borrowed shares expecting a price drop.
  21. Short Covering – Buying back borrowed shares to close a short position.
  22. Short Squeeze – A rapid price increase as short sellers cover positions.
  23. Hedging – Reducing risk through offsetting positions.
  24. Speculation – Trading with high risk for potential high returns.
  25. Arbitrage – Exploiting price differences of the same asset across markets.
  26. Pairs Trading – Hedging strategy involving long/short correlated stocks.
  27. High-Frequency Trading (HFT) – Algorithmic trading at ultra-fast speeds.
  28. Algorithmic Trading – Automated trading based on predefined rules.
  29. Dark Pool – Private trading venues with hidden order books.
  30. Block Trade – Large-volume trade negotiated outside public markets.

C. Market Participants & Institutions (51–70)

  1. Retail Investor – Individual, non-professional trader.
  2. Institutional Investor – Large entities (e.g., pension funds, hedge funds).
  3. Hedge Fund – Private fund using complex strategies for high returns.
  4. Mutual Fund – Pooled investment fund managed by professionals.
  5. ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund) – A fund traded like a stock on an exchange.
  6. Index Fund – A passive fund tracking a specific market index.
  7. Custodian – Financial institution holding securities for safekeeping.
  8. Clearing House – Entity ensuring the completion of trades.
  9. Underwriter – Financial institution that helps companies go public.
  10. Investment Bank – Specializes in underwriting, M&A, and advisory.
  11. Market Regulator – Authority overseeing market activity (e.g., SEC).
  12. Analyst – Professional who evaluates securities and makes recommendations.
  13. Market Strategist – Expert providing macro-level investment guidance.
  14. Market Specialist – Professional maintaining fair trading on an exchange.
  15. Broker-Dealer – Firm acting as both broker and principal.
  16. Prop Trading Firm – Company trading its own capital for profit.
  17. Retail Broker – Brokerage serving individual investors.
  18. Discount Broker – Offers lower fees with fewer services.
  19. Full-Service Broker – Offers research and advice along with execution.
  20. Prime Broker – Provides services to hedge funds and large investors.

D. Valuation & Fundamentals (71–100)

  1. Market Capitalization (Market Cap) – Stock price × shares outstanding.
  2. Enterprise Value (EV) – Market cap + debt – cash.
  3. P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings) – Price per share ÷ earnings per share.
  4. EPS (Earnings Per Share) – Net income ÷ shares outstanding.
  5. P/S Ratio – Price-to-sales ratio.
  6. P/B Ratio (Price-to-Book) – Price ÷ book value per share.
  7. PEG Ratio – P/E ratio divided by growth rate.
  8. Dividend – Payment to shareholders from company profits.
  9. Dividend Yield – Dividend ÷ share price.
  10. Payout Ratio – Dividend ÷ earnings.
  11. ROE (Return on Equity) – Net income ÷ shareholders’ equity.
  12. ROA (Return on Assets) – Net income ÷ total assets.
  13. ROI (Return on Investment) – Profit ÷ invested capital.
  14. EBITDA – Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.
  15. Free Cash Flow (FCF) – Cash flow after capital expenditures.
  16. Book Value – Net asset value of a company.
  17. Intrinsic Value – Estimated true value of a stock.
  18. Valuation Model – Method used to estimate fair value (DCF, comparables).
  19. Discount Rate – Interest rate used to discount future cash flows.
  20. Growth Stock – Stock expected to grow faster than market average.
  21. Value Stock – Stock trading at a discount to its intrinsic value.
  22. Blue-Chip Stock – Large, established, financially stable companies.
  23. Small-Cap Stock – Company with small market capitalization.
  24. Mid-Cap Stock – Medium-sized companies by market value.
  25. Large-Cap Stock – Companies with large market capitalization.
  26. Mega-Cap Stock – Extremely large corporations.
  27. Penny Stock – Low-priced, speculative stock.
  28. Cyclical Stock – Stocks sensitive to economic cycles.
  29. Defensive Stock – Less sensitive to economic downturns.
  30. FAANG – Acronym for Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, Google (Alphabet).

E. Technical Analysis & Charting (101–160)

  1. Technical Analysis (TA) – Analyzing price and volume patterns to forecast movements.
  2. Fundamental Analysis (FA) – Evaluating financial health and value of a company.
  3. Chart – Graphical representation of price over time.
  4. Candlestick – Price chart showing open, high, low, close (OHLC) per period.
  5. Line Chart – Simple plot of closing prices over time.
  6. Bar Chart – Displays OHLC data as vertical bars.
  7. Moving Average (MA) – Average price over a specific number of periods.
  8. Simple Moving Average (SMA) – Arithmetic mean of past prices.
  9. Exponential Moving Average (EMA) – Moving average with more weight on recent prices.
  10. Crossover – Signal when a short-term MA crosses a long-term MA.
  11. Golden Cr Modern Stock Market Lingo Glossary

    Modern Stock Market Lingo — 500-Term Glossary

    Search History

      Search Results

      From the most essential concepts to advanced, modern market slang.

      How to use this glossary:

      • It is ordered from most important to less important across sections A–L.
      • Each section uses an ordered list with the correct numbering (1 to 500).
      • Use your browser’s search (Ctrl/Cmd + F) to jump to specific terms fast.

      Table of Contents

      No results found.

      A. Core Market Basics (1–20)

      1. Stock – A unit of ownership in a company.
      2. Share – A single piece of stock representing company ownership.
      3. Equity – Ownership interest in a company.
      4. Ticker Symbol – The abbreviation for a traded security (e.g., AAPL).
      5. Exchange – A regulated marketplace where stocks are traded.
      6. Market – The overall system of buyers and sellers of securities.
      7. Broker – A licensed entity that executes buy/sell orders for clients.
      8. Trader – A person who buys and sells securities, often short-term.
      9. Investor – Someone holding securities for long-term growth or income.
      10. Market Maker – A firm or individual providing liquidity by quoting buy/sell prices.
      11. Bid – The highest price a buyer is willing to pay.
      12. Ask (Offer) – The lowest price a seller is willing to accept.
      13. Spread – The difference between bid and ask prices.
      14. Liquidity – How easily an asset can be bought/sold without affecting its price.
      15. Volume – The number of shares traded during a period.
      16. Volatility – The degree of price fluctuations of a security.
      17. Bull Market – A market characterized by rising prices.
      18. Bear Market – A market characterized by falling prices.
      19. Correction – A price drop of 10% or more from recent highs.
      20. Crash – A sudden and severe market decline.

      B. Orders & Trading Mechanics (21–50)

      1. Market Order – Buy or sell immediately at current market prices.
      2. Limit Order – An order to trade at a specific price or better.
      3. Stop Order – Becomes a market order when a set price is reached.
      4. Stop-Limit Order – Becomes a limit order once the stop price is triggered.
      5. Day Order – An order valid only during the trading day.
      6. Good-Till-Cancelled (GTC) – Order remains active until canceled.
      7. Fill or Kill (FOK) – Must be filled immediately or canceled.
      8. Immediate or Cancel (IOC) – Partially filled orders are allowed; unfilled parts are canceled.
      9. All-or-None (AON) – Order executes only if completely filled.
      10. Partial Fill – When only part of an order is executed.
      11. Slippage – Difference between expected and actual trade execution price.
      12. Execution – Completion of an order.
      13. Settlement – Transfer of securities and cash after a trade (T+1 in US).
      14. Clearing – The process of matching and confirming trades between parties.
      15. Margin – Borrowed money used to buy securities.
      16. Margin Call – Demand by broker to deposit more funds or sell assets.
      17. Leverage – Using borrowed capital to increase investment exposure.
      18. Position – The quantity of a security held or owed.
      19. Long Position – Buying with the expectation of price increases.
      20. Short Position – Selling borrowed shares expecting a price drop.
      21. Short Covering – Buying back borrowed shares to close a short position.
      22. Short Squeeze – A rapid price increase as short sellers cover positions.
      23. Hedging – Reducing risk through offsetting positions.
      24. Speculation – Trading with high risk for potential high returns.
      25. Arbitrage – Exploiting price differences of the same asset across markets.
      26. Pairs Trading – Hedging strategy involving long/short correlated stocks.
      27. High-Frequency Trading (HFT) – Algorithmic trading at ultra-fast speeds.
      28. Algorithmic Trading – Automated trading based on predefined rules.
      29. Dark Pool – Private trading venues with hidden order books.
      30. Block Trade – Large-volume trade negotiated outside public markets.

      C. Market Participants & Institutions (51–70)

      1. Retail Investor – Individual, non-professional trader.
      2. Institutional Investor – Large entities (e.g., pension funds, hedge funds).
      3. Hedge Fund – Private fund using complex strategies for high returns.
      4. Mutual Fund – Pooled investment fund managed by professionals.
      5. ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund) – A fund traded like a stock on an exchange.
      6. Index Fund – A passive fund tracking a specific market index.
      7. Custodian – Financial institution holding securities for safekeeping.
      8. Clearing House – Entity ensuring the completion of trades.
      9. Underwriter – Financial institution that helps companies go public.
      10. Investment Bank – Specializes in underwriting, M&A, and advisory.
      11. Market Regulator – Authority overseeing market activity (e.g., SEC).
      12. Analyst – Professional who evaluates securities and makes recommendations.
      13. Market Strategist – Expert providing macro-level investment guidance.
      14. Market Specialist – Professional maintaining fair trading on an exchange.
      15. Broker-Dealer – Firm acting as both broker and principal.
      16. Prop Trading Firm – Company trading its own capital for profit.
      17. Retail Broker – Brokerage serving individual investors.
      18. Discount Broker – Offers lower fees with fewer services.
      19. Full-Service Broker – Offers research and advice along with execution.
      20. Prime Broker – Provides services to hedge funds and large investors.

      D. Valuation & Fundamentals (71–100)

      1. Market Capitalization (Market Cap) – Stock price × shares outstanding.
      2. Enterprise Value (EV) – Market cap + debt – cash.
      3. P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings) – Price per share ÷ earnings per share.
      4. EPS (Earnings Per Share) – Net income ÷ shares outstanding.
      5. P/S Ratio – Price-to-sales ratio.
      6. P/B Ratio (Price-to-Book) – Price ÷ book value per share.
      7. PEG Ratio – P/E ratio divided by growth rate.
      8. Dividend – Payment to shareholders from company profits.
      9. Dividend Yield – Dividend ÷ share price.
      10. Payout Ratio – Dividend ÷ earnings.
      11. ROE (Return on Equity) – Net income ÷ shareholders’ equity.
      12. ROA (Return on Assets) – Net income ÷ total assets.
      13. ROI (Return on Investment) – Profit ÷ invested capital.
      14. EBITDA – Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.
      15. Free Cash Flow (FCF) – Cash flow after capital expenditures.
      16. Book Value – Net asset value of a company.
      17. Intrinsic Value – Estimated true value of a stock.
      18. Valuation Model – Method used to estimate fair value (DCF, comparables).
      19. Discount Rate – Interest rate used to discount future cash flows.
      20. Growth Stock – Stock expected to grow faster than market average.
      21. Value Stock – Stock trading at a discount to its intrinsic value.
      22. Blue-Chip Stock – Large, established, financially stable companies.
      23. Small-Cap Stock – Company with small market capitalization.
      24. Mid-Cap Stock – Medium-sized companies by market value.
      25. Large-Cap Stock – Companies with large market capitalization.
      26. Mega-Cap Stock – Extremely large corporations.
      27. Penny Stock – Low-priced, speculative stock.
      28. Cyclical Stock – Stocks sensitive to economic cycles.
      29. Defensive Stock – Less sensitive to economic downturns.
      30. FAANG – Acronym for Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, Google (Alphabet).

      E. Technical Analysis & Charting (101–160)

      1. Technical Analysis (TA) – Analyzing price and volume patterns to forecast movements.
      2. Fundamental Analysis (FA) – Evaluating financial health and value of a company.
      3. Chart – Graphical representation of price over time.
      4. Candlestick – Price chart showing open, high, low, close (OHLC) per period.
      5. Line Chart – Simple plot of closing prices over time.
      6. Bar Chart – Displays OHLC data as vertical bars.
      7. Moving Average (MA) – Average price over a specific number of periods.
      8. Simple Moving Average (SMA) – Arithmetic mean of past prices.
      9. Exponential Moving Average (EMA) – Moving average with more weight on recent prices.
      10. Crossover – Signal when a short-term MA crosses a long-term MA.
      11. Golden Cross – Bullish signal when short MA crosses above long MA.
      12. Death Cross – Bearish signal when short MA crosses below long MA.
      13. Relative Strength Index (RSI) – Momentum oscillator (0–100) showing overbought/oversold levels.
      14. MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence) – Trend-following momentum indicator.
      15. Bollinger Bands – Bands around an MA to measure volatility.
      16. Support Level – Price where buying interest prevents further decline.
      17. Resistance Level – Price where selling pressure prevents further rise.
      18. Breakout – Price moving above resistance or below support.
      19. Pullback – Temporary reversal within a larger trend.
      20. Trendline – Line connecting price highs or lows to show direction.
      21. Channel – Parallel trendlines containing price movement.
      22. Head and Shoulders – Reversal chart pattern.
      23. Double Top/Bottom – Reversal pattern signaling trend change.
      24. Cup and Handle – Bullish continuation pattern.
      25. Flag and Pennant – Short-term continuation pattern after strong moves.
      26. Volume Profile – Shows traded volume at various price levels.
      27. VWAP (Volume-Weighted Average Price) – Average price weighted by volume.
      28. ATR (Average True Range) – Measures volatility.
      29. Stochastic Oscillator – Momentum indicator showing closing price relative to range.
      30. Fibonacci Retracement – Tool using ratios (0.618, 0.382) to find support/resistance.
      31. Pivot Points – Levels used to identify potential support/resistance.
      32. Overbought – Price considered too high and due for correction.
      33. Oversold – Price considered too low and due for bounce.
      34. Momentum – Rate of change of price.
      35. Divergence – When price and indicator move in opposite directions.
      36. Accumulation – Phase when investors buy shares quietly.
      37. Distribution – Phase when investors sell shares.
      38. Breakdown – Price falling below a key support.
      39. Gap Up/Down – Price jumps between trading sessions with no trades in between.
      40. Doji – Candlestick with open and close nearly equal (indecision).
      41. Hammer – Candlestick with long lower shadow, bullish reversal.
      42. Shooting Star – Candlestick with long upper shadow, bearish reversal.
      43. Engulfing Pattern – Reversal pattern where one candle fully engulfs the previous.
      44. Volume Spike – Sudden surge in traded shares.
      45. Breakaway Gap – Gap starting a new trend.
      46. Runaway Gap – Gap occurring in the middle of a trend.
      47. Exhaustion Gap – Gap near the end of a trend.
      48. Price Channel – Range in which a security trades over time.
      49. Consolidation – Period of sideways trading with low volatility.
      50. Triangle Pattern – Price compression forming ascending, descending, or symmetrical triangles.
      51. Ascending Triangle – Bullish continuation pattern.
      52. Descending Triangle – Bearish continuation pattern.
      53. Symmetrical Triangle – Neutral continuation pattern.
      54. Wedge Pattern – Reversal pattern with converging trendlines.
      55. Rounding Bottom – Long-term bullish reversal pattern.
      56. Relative Volume (RVOL) – Volume compared to average.
      57. On-Balance Volume (OBV) – Indicator combining price and volume trends.
      58. Chaikin Money Flow (CMF) – Shows buying/selling pressure based on volume and price.
      59. Ichimoku Cloud – Comprehensive indicator for trend and momentum.
      60. Parabolic SAR – Trend-following indicator with stop/reversal points.

      F. Options & Derivatives (161–220)

      1. Option – Contract giving right, not obligation, to buy/sell an asset.
      2. Call Option – Right to buy an asset at a specified price.
      3. Put Option – Right to sell an asset at a specified price.
      4. Strike Price – Price at which an option can be exercised.
      5. Expiration Date – Date when an option contract expires.
      6. Premium – Price paid for an option contract.
      7. In-the-Money (ITM) – Option with intrinsic value.
      8. Out-of-the-Money (OTM) – Option with no intrinsic value.
      9. At-the-Money (ATM) – Option where strike = current price.
      10. Intrinsic Value – Value if exercised now (difference between strike and current price).
      11. Time Value – Portion of premium based on time until expiration.
      12. Option Chain – List of available strike prices and premiums.
      13. Covered Call – Selling call options against owned stock.
      14. Protective Put – Buying puts to hedge a long position.
      15. Straddle – Buying call and put at the same strike/expiration.
      16. Strangle – Buying call and put at different strikes.
      17. Iron Condor – Option strategy using 4 contracts for range-bound markets.
      18. Butterfly Spread – Limited-risk option strategy using multiple strikes.
      19. Vertical Spread – Buying and selling options of the same type with different strikes.
      20. Horizontal Spread – Same strike, different expirations.
      21. Diagonal Spread – Different strike and expiration combinations.
      22. Greeks – Measures of option sensitivity (Delta, Gamma, Vega, Theta, Rho).
      23. Delta – Change in option price relative to stock price.
      24. Gamma – Rate of change of delta.
      25. Theta – Time decay of an option’s value.
      26. Vega – Sensitivity to volatility changes.
      27. Rho – Sensitivity to interest rate changes.
      28. Implied Volatility (IV) – Market’s forecast of future volatility.
      29. Historical Volatility – Past volatility of a stock.
      30. LEAPS – Long-term equity anticipation securities (long-term options).
      31. Covered Put – Writing puts while short the stock.
      32. Cash-Secured Put – Selling puts with enough cash to buy shares if assigned.
      33. Naked Option – Selling options without holding underlying security.
      34. Exercise – Using the right to buy/sell via an option.
      35. Assignment – Obligation when an option seller is exercised.
      36. American Option – Can be exercised anytime before expiration.
      37. European Option – Can be exercised only at expiration.
      38. Index Option – Option on a stock market index.
      39. VIX (Volatility Index) – Measures market’s expected volatility.
      40. Synthetic Position – Using derivatives to replicate a stock position.
      41. Futures Contract – Agreement to buy/sell an asset at a future date.
      42. Forward Contract – Custom agreement for future delivery of an asset.
      43. Commodity Futures – Futures contracts on commodities like oil or gold.
      44. Currency Futures – Futures on foreign exchange.
      45. Interest Rate Futures – Futures on bonds or interest rates.
      46. Index Futures – Futures on stock indices.
      47. Hedger – Uses futures/options to reduce risk.
      48. Speculator – Uses derivatives to profit from price moves.
      49. Clearing Margin – Collateral to guarantee contract performance.
      50. Variation Margin – Adjustments based on daily price changes.
      51. Mark-to-Market – Daily adjustment of contract value.
      52. Settlement Price – Price used to determine profit/loss at day’s end.
      53. Contango – Futures price higher than spot price.
      54. Backwardation – Futures price lower than spot price.
      55. Basis – Difference between spot and futures price.
      56. Roll Yield – Profit/loss from rolling contracts forward.
      57. Calendar Spread – Option/futures strategy using different expirations.
      58. Credit Spread – Option strategy that collects net premium.
      59. Debit Spread – Option strategy that costs net premium.
      60. Gamma Squeeze

      G. Risk Management & Portfolio (221–260)

      1. Risk – Probability of losing money on an investment.
      2. Diversification – Spreading investments to reduce risk.
      3. Correlation – Relationship between price movements of two assets.
      4. Systematic Risk – Market-wide risk that can’t be diversified.
      5. Unsystematic Risk – Company-specific risk that can be diversified.
      6. Volatility Index (VIX) – Gauge of market fear/volatility expectations.
      7. Sharpe Ratio – Return per unit of total risk.
      8. Sortino Ratio – Return per unit of downside risk.
      9. Alpha – Excess return above a benchmark.
      10. Beta – Stock’s sensitivity to market movements.
      11. Drawdown – Decline from peak to trough in portfolio value.
      12. Value at Risk (VaR) – Maximum potential loss at a given confidence level.
      13. Expected Shortfall – Average loss in worst-case scenarios.
      14. Position Sizing – Determining how much to invest per trade.
      15. Stop-Loss – Order to limit potential losses.
      16. Trailing Stop – Stop-loss that moves with price.
      17. Hedging – Protecting investments with offsetting positions.
      18. Rebalancing – Adjusting portfolio allocation periodically.
      19. Capital Allocation – Distribution of capital among investments.
      20. Portfolio Optimization – Choosing weights to maximize return vs. risk.
      21. Risk Parity – Allocating capital based on risk, not dollar value.
      22. Diversified Portfolio – Holding various asset classes to reduce risk.
      23. Asset Allocation – Splitting capital among stocks, bonds, cash, etc.
      24. Defensive Portfolio – Focused on low-risk, stable returns.
      25. Aggressive Portfolio – Focused on growth, higher volatility.
      26. Tactical Allocation – Short-term portfolio adjustments.
      27. Strategic Allocation – Long-term portfolio planning.
      28. Recession Hedge – Assets that perform well in downturns.
      29. Safe-Haven Asset – Investments like gold during market panic.
      30. Risk-Adjusted Return – Return considering risk taken.
      31. Standard Deviation – Measure of volatility/risk.
      32. Covariance – How two assets move together.
      33. Correlation Coefficient – Quantifies relationship between assets (-1 to +1).
      34. Efficient Frontier – Optimal portfolio combinations.
      35. Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) – Framework to optimize return vs. risk.
      36. Black Swan Event – Rare, unpredictable event with major impact.
      37. Tail Risk – Risk of extreme price movements.
      38. Stress Testing – Simulating extreme scenarios on portfolio.
      39. Scenario Analysis – Evaluating portfolio under specific conditions.
      40. Hedging Instrument – Asset or derivative used to offset risk.

      H. Market Regulations, Orders & Compliance (261–300)

      1. SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) – U.S. regulator overseeing securities markets.
      2. FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) – Regulates broker-dealers in the U.S.
      3. NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) – Largest stock exchange by market cap.
      4. Nasdaq – U.S. electronic stock exchange focusing on tech companies.
      5. AMEX (American Stock Exchange) – Smaller U.S. exchange (now part of NYSE).
      6. OTC (Over-the-Counter) – Trading directly between parties, not on exchanges.
      7. Pink Sheets – OTC market for small and risky companies.
      8. Regulation SHO – Rules governing short selling in U.S. markets.
      9. Circuit Breaker – Mechanism halting trading after large market moves.
      10. Trading Halt – Temporary suspension of trading in a stock.
      11. SEC Filing – Public reports companies must file with the SEC.
      12. 10-K Report – Annual financial report filed by U.S. companies.
      13. 10-Q Report – Quarterly financial report.
      14. 8-K Report – Report of major events (e.g., mergers, bankruptcies).
      15. Prospectus – Document for potential investors when a company issues stock.
      16. IPO (Initial Public Offering) – First time a company sells shares to the public.
      17. Follow-On Offering – Sale of additional shares after an IPO.
      18. Secondary Market – Where investors trade existing securities.
      19. Primary Market – Where new securities are issued.
      20. Lock-Up Period – Time insiders must wait before selling IPO shares.
      21. Quiet Period – Time when a company cannot promote itself before IPO.
      22. SPAC (Special Purpose Acquisition Company) – Shell company to acquire private firms.
      23. Reverse Merger – Private company goes public by merging with a public shell.
      24. Insider Trading – Buying/selling securities using non-public information.
      25. Disclosure – Required public release of material information.
      26. Material Event – Information that could influence stock price.
      27. Whistleblower – Person exposing illegal or unethical practices.
      28. Corporate Governance – Rules and practices controlling a company.
      29. Proxy Vote – Shareholder vote on corporate issues.
      30. Takeover Bid – Offer to acquire a company’s shares.
      31. Hostile Takeover – Acquisition attempt without board approval.
      32. Tender Offer – Public offer to buy shares at a premium price.
      33. Poison Pill – Defense strategy against hostile takeovers.
      34. Golden Parachute – Large benefits to executives if takeover occurs.
      35. Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) – U.S. law to protect investors from fraud.
      36. Dodd-Frank Act – U.S. financial reform law post-2008 crisis.
      37. MiFID II – EU regulations improving financial transparency.
      38. Basel III – Global banking regulatory framework.
      39. AML (Anti-Money Laundering) – Rules to prevent illegal financial flows.
      40. KYC (Know Your Customer) – Process verifying client identities.

      I. ETFs, Funds & Bonds (301–340)

      1. ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund) – Fund traded on stock exchanges like a stock.
      2. Index Fund – Fund replicating a market index (e.g., S&P 500).
      3. Mutual Fund – Pooled money managed actively or passively.
      4. Hedge Fund – Private investment fund with flexible strategies.
      5. Closed-End Fund – Fund with a fixed number of shares.
      6. Open-End Fund – Fund issuing and redeeming shares at NAV.
      7. NAV (Net Asset Value) – Value of a fund’s assets minus liabilities per share.
      8. Expense Ratio – Annual cost of managing a fund.
      9. Bond – Fixed-income security representing a loan.
      10. Treasury Bond – Long-term U.S. government debt.
      11. Corporate Bond – Debt issued by corporations.
      12. Municipal Bond (Muni) – Debt issued by local governments.
      13. Junk Bond – High-yield, high-risk bond.
      14. Coupon Rate – Interest rate of a bond.
      15. Yield to Maturity (YTM) – Total return if a bond is held to maturity.
      16. Callable Bond – Bond that can be redeemed early by issuer.
      17. Convertible Bond – Bond that can be converted to stock.
      18. Zero-Coupon Bond – Bond sold at a discount, no periodic interest.
      19. Bond Rating – Credit rating (AAA, BBB, etc.).
      20. Duration – Sensitivity of bond price to interest rates.
      21. Fixed Income – Securities providing fixed payments (e.g., bonds).
      22. Money Market Fund – Fund investing in short-term, low-risk securities.
      23. REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) – Company owning income-producing properties.
      24. Commodity ETF – ETF tracking commodities like gold or oil.
      25. Inverse ETF – ETF designed to go up when its index goes down.
      26. Leveraged ETF – ETF using leverage to amplify returns.
      27. Smart Beta ETF – ETF using alternative weighting strategies.
      28. Sector ETF – ETF focused on a specific industry.
      29. Currency ETF – ETF tracking a foreign currency.
      30. Bond ETF – ETF focused on bonds.
      31. Gold ETF – ETF backed by gold or gold futures.
      32. SPDR (Spider) – Popular family of ETFs (e.g., SPY for S&P 500).
      33. Index Tracking Error – Difference between ETF performance and its index.
      34. Fund Manager – Professional managing an investment fund.
      35. AUM (Assets Under Management) – Total value managed by a fund.
      36. Unit Trust – Pooled investment vehicle similar to mutual funds.
      37. Hedge Ratio – Ratio of hedge position to total exposure.
      38. Sharpe Ratio – Return adjusted for risk.
      39. Morningstar Rating – Fund rating system (1 to 5 stars).
      40. Expense Load – Commission or fee charged by funds.

      J. Trading Slang & Modern Terms (341–400)

      1. Bagholder – Investor holding a losing stock hoping it recovers.
      2. Diamond Hands – Holding through volatility without selling.
      3. Paper Hands – Selling at the first sign of trouble.
      4. YOLO Trade – “You Only Live Once” risky investment.
      5. FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) – Buying due to hype or fear of missing gains.
      6. Pump and Dump – Artificially inflating price to sell at a profit.
      7. Rug Pull – Crypto term for sudden scam exit by developers.
      8. HODL – Misspelling of “hold,” meaning not to sell.
      9. STONKS – Internet slang for stocks.
      10. Mooning – When a stock/crypto surges in price.
      11. Bag – Slang for amount of shares or tokens owned.
      12. Shill – Promoting a stock or crypto without transparency.
      13. Ape In – Jumping into a trade without much research.
      14. Whale – Investor with a huge position that can move markets.
      15. Shrimp – Small investor in crypto or stocks.
      16. Pump Group – Group organizing price manipulation.
      17. To the Moon – Phrase for expected huge price increase.
      18. Dip – Temporary drop in price.
      19. Buying the Dip – Purchasing after price drops.
      20. Sell the Rip – Selling after price spikes.
      21. Bagging – Holding a bad investment.
      22. Choppy Market – Market with no clear direction.
      23. Dead Cat Bounce – Short-lived price recovery after a big drop.
      24. Blow-Off Top – Sudden and unsustainable price surge.
      25. Capitulation – Panic selling at market bottoms.
      26. Bear Trap – False signal of a downtrend.
      27. Bull Trap – False signal of an uptrend.
      28. Liquidity Trap – Market stuck despite monetary stimulus.
      29. Limit Up/Down – Trading halt when price hits exchange limits.
      30. Day Trader – Trader opening/closing positions within the day.
      31. Swing Trader – Trader holding for days to weeks.
      32. Scalper – Trader making very quick trades for small profits.
      33. Position Trader – Long-term holding approach.
      34. Bag Tossing – Selling off bad positions.
      35. Tape Reading – Watching order flow and prints for price action.
      36. Front Running – Trading ahead of large known orders.
      37. Flash Crash – Sudden, deep, short-lived market crash.
      38. Quadruple Witching – Expiration of multiple derivatives on same day.
      39. Gamma Exposure – Options market impact on stock price.
      40. Theta Decay – Time value erosion of options.
      41. Bag of Holding – Joke term for holding worthless stocks.
      42. Chasing – Buying after a price has already surged.
      43. Dumping – Selling off large amounts quickly.
      44. Flipping – Quickly buying and selling for profit.
      45. Momentum Play – Trading based on strong price trends.
      46. High Flyer – Stock rising significantly.
      47. Overhang – Excess supply of shares weighing on price.
      48. Overleveraged – Having too much debt/margin.
      49. Scam Coin – Worthless crypto promoted as valuable.
      50. Altcoin – Any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin.
      51. Blue Sky Laws – State laws against fraud.
      52. Pump Token – Crypto token used for pump schemes.
      53. Flash Loan – Instant loan in crypto markets.
      54. Diamond Play – Trade with potential big returns.
      55. Liquidity Rug – Liquidity removed suddenly in DeFi.
      56. Whipsaw – Sharp price moves in both directions.
      57. Circuit Limit – Maximum price move allowed by exchange.
      58. Limit Hunter – Trader targeting stop orders.
      59. Squeeze Play – Stock forced up due to shorts.
      60. Risk-On/Risk-Off – Market sentiment towards risk.

      K. Crypto & Digital Asset Terms (401–450)

      1. Bitcoin (BTC) – First and largest cryptocurrency.
      2. Ethereum (ETH) – Smart contract platform and cryptocurrency.
      3. Blockchain – Distributed ledger technology.
      4. DeFi (Decentralized Finance) – Financial services on blockchain.
      5. NFT (Non-Fungible Token) – Unique digital asset.
      6. Stablecoin – Cryptocurrency pegged to fiat currency.
      7. Tokenomics – Economics of a crypto token.
      8. Mining – Process of validating blockchain transactions.
      9. Staking – Locking crypto to earn rewards.
      10. Yield Farming – Earning interest in DeFi protocols.
      11. Liquidity Pool – Smart contract holding crypto for swaps.
      12. DEX (Decentralized Exchange) – Exchange without intermediaries.
      13. CEX (Centralized Exchange) – Traditional crypto exchange.
      14. Gas Fee – Transaction cost on Ethereum.
      15. Wallet – Tool to store cryptocurrency (hardware/software).
      16. Cold Wallet – Offline crypto storage.
      17. Hot Wallet – Online crypto storage.
      18. Seed Phrase – Backup phrase to recover wallet.
      19. Private Key – Secret code to access crypto funds.
      20. Public Key – Address to receive funds.
      21. Hash Rate – Speed of crypto mining.
      22. 51% Attack – Attack on blockchain control.
      23. Fork – Split in blockchain protocol.
      24. Hard Fork – Permanent blockchain split.
      25. Soft Fork – Backward-compatible blockchain update.
      26. ICO (Initial Coin Offering) – Fundraising via crypto tokens.
      27. IDO (Initial DEX Offering) – Token launch on decentralized exchanges.
      28. IEO (Initial Exchange Offering) – Token sale on centralized exchanges.
      29. Airdrop – Free distribution of tokens.
      30. Burning Tokens – Removing tokens from circulation.
      31. Liquidity Mining – Earning rewards for providing liquidity.
      32. Flash Swap – Instant token exchange in DeFi.
      33. Bridging – Moving assets between blockchains.
      34. Cross-Chain – Interaction between blockchains.
      35. Layer 1 – Base blockchain (e.g., Ethereum, Bitcoin).
      36. Layer 2 – Scaling solutions (e.g., Polygon).
      37. Smart Contract – Self-executing blockchain contract.
      38. Oracle – Service providing real-world data to blockchains.
      39. Metaverse – Virtual universe with digital assets.
      40. Play-to-Earn – Games rewarding players with crypto.
      41. DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) – Blockchain-based governance.
      42. Rug Pull – Exit scam by token developers.
      43. Pump Token – Token hyped artificially for profit.
      44. HODL – Holding crypto long-term.
      45. ATH (All-Time High) – Highest price ever.
      46. ATL (All-Time Low) – Lowest price ever.
      47. Whale – Holder of large amounts of crypto.
      48. Gas War – Competition for transaction priority.
      49. Shitcoin – Worthless or low-value token.
      50. Alt Season – Period when altcoins outperform Bitcoin.

      L. Trading Psychology & Other Terms (451–500)

      1. Trading Psychology – Mental state affecting trading decisions.
      2. Discipline – Adherence to trading rules.
      3. Greed – Overtrading due to profit hunger.
      4. Fear – Avoiding trades due to risk.
      5. Emotional Trading – Decisions driven by feelings, not logic.
      6. Confirmation Bias – Seeking info supporting pre-existing belief.
      7. Overtrading – Trading too frequently without strategy.
      8. Revenge Trading – Trying to recover losses impulsively.
      9. Patience – Waiting for the right trade setup.
      10. FOMO – Fear of missing out, leading to bad entries.
      11. Paper Trading – Simulated trading without real money.
      12. Backtesting – Testing a strategy on historical data.
      13. Forward Testing – Testing a strategy in real-time.
      14. Trading Plan – Predefined set of trading rules.
      15. Position Sizing – Determining amount to trade.
      16. Risk/Reward Ratio – Expected return relative to risk.
      17. Stop Hunting – Pushing prices to trigger stop-losses.
      18. Market Sentiment – Overall mood of market participants.
      19. Bullish Sentiment – Expectation of rising prices.
      20. Bearish Sentiment – Expectation of falling prices.
      21. Sideways Market – No clear trend.
      22. Market Cycle – Phases of accumulation, uptrend, distribution, downtrend.
      23. Overextension – Price moving too far from its average.
      24. Bubble – Price far above intrinsic value due to speculation.
      25. Bursting Bubble – Rapid collapse of overinflated prices.
      26. Panic Selling – Selling driven by fear.
      27. Capitulation – Mass selling at market bottoms.
      28. Euphoria – Excessive optimism in markets.
      29. Mean Reversion – Prices returning to average levels.
      30. Trend Following – Trading in direction of main trend.
      31. Contrarian Investing – Going against market sentiment.
      32. Momentum Trading – Trading based on strong price moves.
      33. Scalping – Profiting from small price changes.
      34. Swing Trading – Capturing short-to-medium-term price swings.
      35. Position Trading – Long-term trend trading.
      36. Day Trading – Opening and closing trades in one session.
      37. Overnight Risk – Risk from holding trades overnight.
      38. Gap Risk – Risk from price gaps between sessions.
      39. Flash News Impact – Sudden price moves due to breaking news.
      40. Liquidity Risk – Difficulty in executing large trades.
      41. Slippage Risk – Getting worse prices than expected.
      42. Black Swan – Unpredictable event causing market shock.
      43. Tail Risk – Extreme downside events.
      44. Drawdown – Decline from peak portfolio value.
      45. Recovery Factor – Time required to recover from losses.
      46. Alpha Generation – Creating returns beyond benchmarks.
      47. Beta Neutral – Hedging market risk.
      48. Market Neutral – Strategy minimizing exposure to overall market.
      49. Sharpe Ratio – Risk-adjusted performance metric.
      50. Kelly Criterion – Formula for optimal bet sizing.
      © 2025 — Modern Stock Market Lingo Glossary. Built for fast reference and learning.